Motivation At Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inspiration At Work - Essay Example IKEA has something close to 12,000 items accessible on their site, which is exceptionally close to their items extend. In 2005 a study was directed and it was accounted for by the organization that they had more than 275 million hits on their site. The witticism of the organization is that are attempting to make a superior life for some individuals through their items. Ingvar Kamprad established IKEA in Almhult, Sweden by in 1943, when he was a17 years old kid. The work IKEA is the shortened form of Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. IKEA began by selling a wide range of items like pens, sprinters, wallets, photograph outlines, watches, gems, furniture and stockings and so forth anything that Kamprad believed that would sell at a marked down however sensible cost. It is the business thought of IKEA that they offer a wide scope of home outfitting items at process which are reasonable by numerous individuals. (IKEA) In 1948 IKEA presents furniture in their range. The furniture was created by the neighborhood fabricates in the woods nearest to Ingvar Kamprad’s home. The reaction to the furniture was a positive one. Kamprad first began to sell the items out of his home and afterward he utilized mail request to convey the items to his customer’s homes. In 1951 Kamprad saw a chance to sell his items through an inventory. The IKEA inventory which we realize today was acquainted with the world. 1n 1953 the first IKEA showroom was opened in Almhult, Sweden. In 1952 the idea of level pressing happens and when one of the workers of the organization took of a table’s leg so it would not be harmed in the conveying procedure and it can likewise fit in the vehicle. Subsequent to finding this, the level packs and self get together items were remembered for the IKEA’s scope of items and they turned into a moment hit. In 1958 IKEA opens its first outlet in Almhult, Sweden. This outle t had 6700 sq meters of home decorations showed in that store and that was the biggest

Justice and Mercy in the Merchant of Venice Essay Sample free essay sample

In the council room scene of The Merchant of Venice. justness is given to and fro between the Christians and Shylock. in contrast to forgiveness. Shylock can't encounter any contrition for Antonio and the Christians in light of the disdain he has for them. Tenacity and disdain can do misfortune ; the ethically better have a privilege than justness. As the test scene starts. the Duke talks around Shylock as a chilly miscreant. unequipped for mercy ( 4. 1 3-6 ) . The Christians consider Shylock resolved and coldblooded and will just make reference to him as â€Å"the Jew† . Shylock does non have respect and has neer gotten respect from the Christians. so subsequently. Shylock is non benevolent toward the Christians. Regardless of what the Duke had only said about Shylock. at the point when Shylock enters the court the Duke discloses to him that everybody anticipates that Shylock should demo leniency and non take Antonio’s tissue ( 15-34 ) . Yet. Shylock went to court prepared to take Antonio’s substance that he is qualified for fitting to the agreement. We will compose a custom paper test on Equity and Mercy in the Merchant of Venice Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Usurer does non want to be paid with ducats. non even multiple times each piece much as what he loaned to Antonio. Shylock simply needs from the Christians what was guaranteed to him by statute. Bassanio offers Shylock 6,000 ducats on the three 1000 ducats. so Shylock does non travel through with taking a lb of Antonio’s substance. Bassanio is trying to secure Antonio and pass on him to justness in light of the fact that Antonio had no influence over the smashing of his boats. Bassanio said that he is eager to pay multiple times what he previously offered and put his manus. caput and chest on the line as insurance ( 204-07 ) . In spite of the fact that the Christians do non talk deferentially to Shylock. they are helpless and completely at his mercy. Be that as it may, Shylock does non experience any ground to demo leniency. In light of Shylock’s refusal of Bassanio’s offer. The Duke approaches Shylock â€Å"How shalt 1000s trust in forgiveness. rendering none† ( 87 ) ? Shylock does non accept he is making anything inaccurate. He is simply taking what is really his. what is lawful. Shylock contrasts supporting his agreement and the Christians supporting their entitlement to deal with slaves by the by way they feel. Shylock stated: imagine a scenario where he were to express the Christians non to work their slaves so hard and permit them get hitched their young ladies and permit them eat a similar supplement. what might the Christians state? Shylock said that they would state â€Å"the slaves are ours† . criticalness that the Christians accept that they are allowed to deal with the slaves all things considered way they feel since they own them. Shylock feels just as he has a similar option to hold his agreement with Antonio and said that in the event that he is denied his privi lege so the Torahs of Venice have no approval ( 88-102 ) . The Duke sends for an equity from Padua for more distant infiltration on the occasion of this agreement. Steping in for that equity is an ongoing visitant of his. Balthazar. who is truly Portia camouflaged as a grown-up male to try to help Antonio. Be that as it may. despite the fact that she is on Antonio’s side. it seems like she is as a rule just to Shylock. When Bassanio requests that the Duke flex the statute with the goal that Shylock does non gain his way. Portia adds. expressing that that is non conceivable on the grounds that a decree can non be changed on the grounds that that would take to numerous awful lawful judgments. To this Shylock reacts â€Å"A Daniel semen to feeling. yea. a Daniel! O shrewd juvenile equity. how I do respect thee† ( 218-19 ) ! Shylock is referencing to an insightful equity named Daniel from the Bible and he implies that the equity accompanies justness. Portia other than qualifies Shylock for the lb of Antonio’s tissue on the grounds that the cash was non payed back in cut yet she demands that Shylock show pardon and to take the cash alternatively.Shylock will non demo forgiveness. he simply needs his agreement to be satisfied. â€Å"By my mind I swear there is no force in the lingua of grown-up male to transform me. I remain here on my bond† ( 235-37 ) . Because of Shylock’s willfulness. Portia warrants him to take a lb of substance from Antonio’s chest. what's more, Shylock’s responses to her finding of realities are juvenile since he brags as though the equity is his ally expressing such things as: â€Å" So says the bond. doth it non. baronial equity? ‘Nearest his heart’â€those are the truly words† ( 248-49 ) . He obviously communicates his contempt for Antonio. Shylock even requests Portia’s request to hold a sawbones return consideration of Antonio’s sore so he does non shed blood to perish demand does the agreement require a sawbones? Portia simply trusts it to be human conventionality. so that Antonio does non expire yet Shylock just reacts with. he can’t happen it in the bond ( 252-257 ) . Shylock is truly satisfied with how the occurrence is going in support of him and in spite of the fact that on the opposite side of the blade. Antonio is dealing with the finding of actuality excellently. Antonio does non kick or talk with disdain to Shylock. He even thinks about his expire as blessed on the grounds that he does non hold to populate the rest of his yearss in destitution like most cursed work powers do in the wake of losing their riches ( 261-67 ) . Antonio even attempts to relieve Bassanio with the goal that he does non experience blameworthy for Antonio perishing for being not able to take care of an obligation for Bassanio’s benefit. Antonio said that he does non atone paying for Bassanio’s obligation. he said. â€Å"For if the Jew do cut however profound bounty. I’ll wage it right away. with all my heart† ( 275-76 ) . Luckily for Antonio. his humbleness will respect him. Portia reveals to Shylock that he will obtain more justness than what he sought after. â€Å"Thyself shalt see the demonstration ; for as 1000 urgest justness. be guaranteed thou shalt have justness more than 1000 desir’st† ( 310-12 ) . Portia said this to Shylock in the wake of expressing Shylock that the agreement does non permit Shylock to hold any of Antonio’s blood. So if Shylock somehow managed to cast any blood. his territory would be taken from him by the area of Venice ( 305-07 ) . On the off chance that this be the law. Shylock submits to taking the cash ( multiple times the advance ) and permitting Antonio travel. Bassanio concurs with giving the cash yet Portia discloses to Shylock that he is non qualified for the cash any more extended in light of the fact that he had just declined it publically ( 333-34 ) . Shylock is informed that he should now go through with the agreement and move up the tissue. be that as it may, he can only take one lb exactly. no less. no more. non even a small amount of an ounce or Shylock will be murdered and his territory taken ( 319-327 ) . So justness has turned in the kindness of Antonio and Bassanio now. Portia other than reveals to Shylock that since he had direction to murder Antonio. Antonio’s committed to half of Shylock’s effects. while the other half will make a trip to the area and Shylock’s life is in the guardianships of the Duke ( 342-58 ) . The Duke. as opposed to Shylock’s inadequacy of forgiveness. forgivenesss Shylock’s life and relying upon Shylock’s co-activity. he will chop down the sentence of giving the region half of Shylock’s assets to only an OK ( 363-67 ) . Antonio other than shows leniency. Antonio is willing non to take half of the assets. then again give his half of Shylock’s assets to Shylock’s child in-law and young lady. As segment of Antonio’s exchange Shylock must go Christian and put his child in-law in his will to have Shylock’s things when Shylock kicks the bucket ( 375-85 ) . Antonio has no activity demoing pardon. In advance. Portia even inquires as to whether he will demo any kindness towards Shylock. The Christians do look ethically better than Shylock. in any case, what Portia had done may non hold been straightforward. Portia could hold been doing up the law about Shylock non having the option to cast a dot of Antonio’s blood. By what other means would you take substance without throwing blood. The court and Portia was making a trip to let Shylock to cut Antonio before Antonio talked valiantly and Humbly ( 259-76 ) . around the clasp when Portia said get a sawbones to do certain Antonio didn’t dice. So Portia could hold great caused throwing no blood to up. each piece great as the statute about surrendering land in view of direction to murder. She may hold made up the law that Shylock will perish in the event that he takes any less or to a greater degree a lb of substance. The statute that Shylock must finish the agreement since he previously rejected the cash may hold other than been made up. Anybody would hold done likewise on the off chance that they had Portia’s fast cleverness however it is still non moral. She cheated Shylock’s justness for Antonio’s. Usurer wound up obtaining nil in the terminal. he was only ready to keep up his life and half of his territory. inasmuch as he got immersed a Christian and gave over his effects to individual he would non want to offer it to. He could hold gotten multiple times the credit before all else yet his willfulness and disdain shielded him from surrendering. On the other hand Portia masked as a lawyer tricked Shylock into procuring nil. The Christians demoed Shylock forgiveness when Shylock demonstrated none however there is non trustworthiness in their activities. So they are non ethically better than Shylock. only kind. Plants Cited Greenblatt. Stephen. Cohen. Walter. Howard. Jean E. . Maus. Katharine Eisaman. The Merchantof Venice ( 4. 1 ) . 2008. The Norton Shakespeare. ( Based on the Oxford Edition ) . SecondEdition. New York A ; London: W. W Norton A ; Company. 2008. 1159-68. Print.

The President is here just another day at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The President is here just another day at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog His Excellency Serzh Sargsyan, President of the Republic of Armenia, will give a talk at SIPA on Armenia and foreign policy opportunities and challenges on September 24. There will also be a very interesting discussion with Director David Phillips on Destroying ISIS on Monday.   In addition to the discussion on the crisis in Ukraine with Alexander Dynkin, Director of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations in Moscow and adviser to the prime minister of Russia, Professor Robert Jervis, Valerli Kuchynskyi, the former Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the UN, and Professor Kimberly Marten.   Wow!   I havent even made my way down the event calendar

Introduction to Contract Management - 1025 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CONTRACT MANAGEMENT A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between or among them. The elements of a contract are offer and acceptance by competent persons having legal capacity who exchanges consideration to create mutuality of obligation. i.e. 1. Offer and Acceptance 2. Competent Persons 3. Consideration 4. Mutual Obligation 5. Lawful Object Contract law varies greatly from one jurisdiction to another, including differences in common law compared to civil law, the impact of received law, particularly from England in common law countries, and of law codified in regional†¦show more content†¦This includes the development and implementation of procedures covering the administrative and clerical activities. Good contract administration is important for the successful management of any contract. Contract administration also requires appropriate resourcing, and as part of the contract management planning both the agency and the supplier need to consider the level of resources required for the particular contract. Procedures should be in place for the management of the main contract activities. These may include: i) Contract variations, including change control ii) Cost monitoring iii) Ordering procedures, e.g. ordering of hardware iv) Payment procedures v) Management reporting †¢ Transition Planning Transition planning is an important activity whenever there is the potential for service delivery to be affected by the transition. As noted in the section on contract planning, in relatively routine, straightforward procurements, transition arrangements may be covered in the contract management plan. However, in more complex procurements a detailed transition plan may be required. 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What Is a Pit House Winter Home for Our Ancient Ancestors

A pit house (also spelled pithouse and alternatively called pit dwelling or pit structure) is a class of residential house type used by non-industrial cultures all over our planet. In general, archaeologists and anthropologists define pit structures as any non-contiguous building with floors lower than the ground surface (called semi-subterranean). Despite that, researchers have found that pit houses were and are used under specific, consistent circumstances. How Do You Build a Pit House? Construction of a pit house begins by excavating a pit into the earth, from a few centimeters to 1.5 meters (a few inches to five feet) deep. Pit houses vary in plan, from round to oval to square to rectangular. The excavated pit floors vary from flat to bowl-shaped; they can include prepared floors or not. Above the pit is a superstructure that might consist of low earthen walls built from the excavated soil; stone foundations with brush walls; or posts with wattle and daub chinking. The roof of a pit house is generally flat and made of brush, thatch, or planks, and entry to the deepest houses was gained by way of a ladder through a hole in the roof. A central hearth provided light and warmth; in some pit houses, a ground surface air hole would have brought in ventilation and an additional hole in the roof would have allowed smoke to escape. Pit houses were warm in winter and cool in summer; experimental archaeology has proven that they are quite comfortable year round  because the earth acts as an insulating blanket. However, they only last for a few seasons and after at most ten years, a pit house would have to be abandoned: many abandoned pithouses were used as cemeteries. Who Uses Pit Houses? In 1987, Patricia Gilman published a summary of ethnographic work conducted on historically-documented societies who used pit houses around the world. She reported that there were 84 groups in the ethnographic documentation who used semi-subterranean pit houses as primary or secondary homes, and all the societies shared three characteristics. She identified three conditions for pit house use in the historically documented cultures: a nontropical climate during the season of pit structure useminimally a bi-seasonal settlement patternreliance on stored food when the pit structure is in use In terms of climate, Gilman reported that all except six of the societies who use(d) pit structures are/were located above 32 degrees latitude. Five were located in high mountainous regions in East Africa, Paraguay, and eastern Brazil; the other was an anomaly, on an island in Formosa. Winter and Summer Dwellings The vast majority of pit houses in the data were used only as winter dwellings: only one (Koryak on the Siberian coast) used both winter and summer pit houses. There is no doubt about it: semi-subterranean structures are particularly useful as cold season habitations because of their thermal efficiency. Heat loss by transmission is 20% less in shelters built into the earth compared to any above-ground homes. Thermal efficiency is also evident in summer dwellings, but most groups didnt use them in the summer. That reflects Gilmans second finding of a bi-seasonal settlement pattern: people who have winter pit houses are mobile during the summers. The Koryak site in coastal Siberia is an exception: they were seasonally mobile, however, they moved between their winter pit structures on the coast and their summer pit houses upriver. The Koryak used stored foods during both seasons. Subsistence and Political Organization Interestingly, Gilman found that pit house use was not dictated by the type of subsistence method (how we feed ourselves) used by the groups. Subsistence strategies varied among ethnographically documented pit house users: about 75% of the societies were strictly hunter-gatherers or hunter-gather-fishers; the remainder varied in levels of agriculture from part-time horticulturalists to irrigation-based agriculture. Instead, the use of pit houses seems to be dictated by the communitys reliance on stored foods during the season of pit structure use, specifically in winters, when a cold season permits no plant production. The summers were spent in other types of dwellings that could be moved to capitalize on the locations of the best resources. Summer dwellings were generally movable above-ground tipis or yurts that can be disassembled so that their occupants could easily move camp. Gilmans research found that most winter pit houses are found in villages, clusters of single dwellings around a central plaza. Most pit house villages included fewer than 100 people, and political organization was typically limited, with only a third having formal chiefs. A total of 83 percent of the ethnographic groups lacked social stratification or had distinctions based on non-hereditary wealth. Some Examples As Gilman found, pit houses have been found ethnographically around the world, and archaeologically they are also quite common. In addition to these examples below, see the sources for recent archaeological studies of pit house societies in various places.   Jomon hunter-gatherers in Late Pleistocene JapanViking farmers in medieval IcelandFremont farmers in the southwestern United StatesNorwegian farmers in 19th century Minnesota Sources This glossary entry is a part of our guide to Ancient Houses  and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Crema ER, and Nishino M. 2012. Spatio-temporal distributions of Middle to Late Jomon pithouses in Oyumino, Chiba (Japan). Journal of Open Archaeology Data 1(2).Dikov NN, and Clark GH. 1965. The Stone Age of Kamchatka and the Chukchi Peninsula in the Light of New Archaeological Data. Arctic Anthropology 3(1):10-25.Ember CR. 2014. Dwellings. In: Ember CR, editor. Explaining Human Culture: Human Relations Area Files.Gilman PA. 1987. Architecture as Artifact: Pit Structures and Pueblos in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 52(3):538-564.Grà ¸n O. 2003. Mesolithic dwelling places in south Scandinavia: their definition and social interpretation. Antiquity 77(298):685-708.Searcy M, Schriever B, and Taliaferro M. 2016. Early Mimbres households: Exploring the Late Pithouse period (550–1000 AD) at the Florida Mountain Site. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41:299-312.Tohge M, Karube F, Kobayashi M, Tanaka A, and Katsumi I. 1998. The use of ground penetrating radar to map an ancient village buried by volcanic eruptions. Journal of Applied Geophysics 40(1–3):49-58.

The Micromanager Free Essays

Although George seems to be a nice man, he is really a true micromanager because he can be persistent and stubborn on a lot of things.   Although he would like to think that he is personable, at work, he insists on getting things done in his own way and keeps track of Shelley’s progress in doing it. He also eats up Shelley’s time in making her accompany him to meetings that take her concentration away from true work. We will write a custom essay sample on The Micromanager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even at home, he can dictate the time his children need to do certain things like homework. George also insists that at least two press releases are published monthly even when there is nothing to write about. He oversteps on the instructions that Shelley has already given to her own staff which causes additional confusion on the part of their subordinates. Even if Shelley has already asked for assistance in the form of additional staff, he would still rather that she list down her priorities first and do things his way. Shelley obviously detests being bullied into doing what should otherwise be something creative because she does not like George’s leadership style. However, leadership style can affect many people in different ways depending on personality types and the situations they are in. This can be seen in the way Rich Harmon admires George for being innovative and ahead of him in thinking of solutions to his department’s problems. The micromanager is good in doing everybody else’s job but as can be seen in George’s situation, he spends too much time in dealing with the nitty gritty that should be delegated to his subordinates.   As Chief-Executive-Officer, he should be concentrating on motivating his employees to do their work as a team instead of finding the little stuff that they might be doing wrong or finding solutions to small problems that should be the job of his managers. 2. Is it the appropriate style ? Why or why not? (Hint, consider the characteristics of the environment, the employee, the task, leader discretion, etc.) Retronics is in a very delicate situation because its market is going down and it needs to reinvent itself to keep up with the industry.   George’s style cannot be successful in this light because he insists on doing things hands-on while the need of the company is for its head to create new ideas that could bring new life to the crippled corporation. George has his own following and he can be effective to certain types of personalities. However, although there are employees who admire George’s ideas that really help in the development of their departments, he is actually creating followers instead of true leaders because of the dependency culture he is encouraging.   He should instead try to hone his managers’ leadership skills and encourage more innovative ideas that come from below his rank if he really wants to keep up with the new wave in his industry. Otherwise, he would be trapped in solving everybody else’s problems and no one will be overseeing the company. On the other hand, his way of micromanaging Shelley causes her to loose motivation to work because she feels cramped by her position and his leadership style.   It can be assumed that Shelley might not be the only one who feels this way because he is the type who would really delve into the smallest of details of each department to keep him self abreast of what is happening within his company. Aside from embarrassing his managers for overpowering them in their own departments or divisions, George’s style can also cause a lot of confusion and power struggle which can be detrimental to a company who is already trying so hard to survive in an ailing industry. Instead of working towards a concrete goal, his style of management causes factions which can affect the time frame and quality of work that needs to be done. Another negative consequence of George’s leadership style is that his managers will tend to imitate his leadership style and this could cause too much stress in the company.   The pressure that is felt by the subordinates will just result to poor results due to lack of morale. Instead of overseeing and managing, his executives would end up picking on their employees and wasting too much time trying to correct mistakes that could have been done properly if they had the freedom to deal with things individually. George’s leadership style encourages individualism instead of team building.   A big company can become strong if its foundations are supportive groups of people instead of individuals who have their own motives for staying in the company.   To be a good leader is to foster team work and understanding among subordinates. Better relationships build loyalty and sincerity in getting things done. 3. What strategies can Shelley employ to better manage her boss? (To answer this question, you may want to read this short piece by Harry E. Chambers: (You can find it through the EBSCO database in Business Source Complete). Shelley has to get over her feelings of being mislead into the predicament she was in.   She has to stop feeling like a victim and put things in proper perspective.   When emotions are put aside, she will be able to see that George is coming from a completely different background from hers.   She is into the arts while George, an engineer academic standards, uses more of logic to understand and solve problems.   She also has to go beyond her department’s problems to understand that George’s problems are way much heavier than hers. Being a subordinate, it is also required of Shelley that she learns how to follow her boss†¦ even if it seems wrong.   Otherwise, she can manipulate George’s decisions into her favor by finding out what motivates him to do things in another way. She can also use her communication skills in professionally sharing her ideas even before George can shoot it down.   It can be seen that Shelley tends to just hold back instead of verbally defending her ideas.   Micromanagers can still feel in control as long as they see that their subordinates see their problems from the boss’ point of view too. Shelley should put her ideas to work and then find ways of explaining it to George in the light of his perception and not hers. Shelley also has to inform George of her ideas before she starts writing them.   This way, they can discuss which ones he prefer and how they can compromise on how the subject should be given treatment. Simply making a press release, for example, without taking into consideration the boss’ view can be a waste of time because of the corrections.   However, if Shelley takes the initiative to place the information needed in front of her boss so that he just has to decide among the choices she offers, then things would be easier to do quickly. Shelley should also try to find out what makes George have a better relationship with the other managers.   She does not have to suck up to him and change her attitude but just analyzing those relationships could create better understanding of how to handle her boss. Lastly, Shelley really needs to go beyond her department and see things generally from the CEO’s point of view too.   George’s responsibilities are far harder to manage than hers and this could give her insight on why he treats her that way. How to cite The Micromanager, Essay examples

APUSH Summer Assignment free essay sample

Many farmers were considered peasants in the 800s. SIG: Peasants would revolt and cause movements that go against the economic reasoning. The movements were usually to gain recognition for their work and other reasons. Yeomen ID: A servant who gives assistance to royal households or other great households SIG: A yeomen farmer was the ideal American which is being independent and hardworking. They were the best type of citizen to have a say in politics. Dower ID:The portion of property a widow receives from her deceased husbands belongings. SIG: In the 18th and 19th centuries dower rights were not given much attention. In 1945, dower was abolished but some states still allowed bits of property to be given to a widow. Primogeniture ID: Being the firstborn and eldest of the children of the same parents. Also receiving the largest portion of the fathers property after the death of the father. SIG: This ensured that powerful families kept their power in their family line. Pagans ID: a follower of a polytheistic religion or an irreligious person. SIG: This is significant because many American pagan religions contain different traditions that are similar to to others. Also traditions have been passed down for thousands of years. Heresy ID: When one has a belief that is mutually opposed to a church or religious system. SIG: This separated church and states. A result from this was the unappreciative countries towards the American Churchs optimism. Civic Humanism ID: The idea that one should participate actively in serving its leader or state in the 15th century. SIG: The language of civic humanism was a tool to the leaders who Republics ID: a body of people viewed as a commonwealth or a state where the head of government is not a monarch. SIG: The government of the United States is based partly on Romes model of a republic and the U. S has been authorized by the United States Corporation created in 1871. The forming of a republic from Romes model is a significant part of US history. Guilds ID: An association of people who have some power and are reaching a common goal. SIG: These were important for trading and small societies that could have grew to be important in history. Reconquista ID:The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain from the 1100s to 1492. SIG: It is important to study because the Christian people fought until they expelled their enemies. The Reconquista became an ethnic need. Conquistadors ID: A Spanish conqueror of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. SIG: They were mercenaries who were responsible for the near extinction of native people in present day US, Mexico, and Central America. Encomiendas ID: A system created in 1503 which guaranteed Spanish soldiers land with Indians. SIG: This led to forced labor which led to enslavement which was used in the US for years. Columbian Exchange ID: This was an exchange between the new and old world of culture, plants, animals, and diseases. This changed the way Europeans and Native Americans lived. SIG: This affected both sides of the world culturally and socially. Mestizos ID: a person of mixed ancestry from Latin America SIG:Mestizos were born to give power to the Spaniards and maintain their power. This affected races by not being biological instead history. Caste System ID: a Hindu system of social classes based on castes SIG: it was important because it divided labor in societies Indulgences ID: a pardon from punishments that would have happened due to sins SIG: Indulgences emerged in the 1 lth century when the idea of purgatory spread. Reformers complained about the selling of indulgences. Predestination ID:the idea that God has determined who will be saved and who will not SIG: People hought the idea came so the conquistadors can be forgiven for what they did to the natives. Mercantilism ID: A system that worked to unify a nation by strict regulations of national economy. SIG: European countries had knowledge with building empires and engaging in the system of mercantilism. The colonies in the United States grew and the English knew they could increase trade and benefit from it. Price Revolution ID: The 16th century era of sustained inflation SIG: This led to the price of food to rise and fall. The prices were changing often due and gold from the New World that was brought to Europe. Part Two: Chapter 1 Questions . The four main characteristics of the Indian civilizations in Mesoamerica where art, religion, society and economy. These characteristics were equal to those of Europe and the Mediterranean. Mesoamericans portrayed art through dance, pottery, and music. All of the Mesoamerican religions were polytheistic and the gods had to be given offerings. Mesoamericans did not have unity, so they were divided in a social hierarchy. The economy relied on agriculture because of the scarce amount of large animals. . The eastern woodland Indian societies were organized and governed by self-governing tribes composed of clans. In their culture, the elders would encourage local chief, who aided clan elders conducted ceremonies and regulated personal life. Gender played a role when it came to farming because it was the province of both sexes, but among eastern Woodland Indians it was the work of women. These societies were matrilineal, which is the inheritance one receives from the female line of ancestors. Farmers focused on religious ceremonies related to the agricultural cycle

Capital Punishment Essays (1634 words) - Penology,

Capital Punishment The topic I chose for my research paper is Capital punishment. I chose this topic because I think Capital punishment should be banned in all states. The death penalty violates religious beliefs about killing, remains unfair to minorities and is therefore unconstitutional, and is inhumane and barbaric. The death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments (Bedau 2). Those who had shown no respect for life would be restrained, permanently if necessary, so they could not further endanger other members of the community (Cauthen 2). But the purpose of confinement would not be vengeance or punishment (Cauthen 2). Rather an ideal community would show no mercy even to those who had shown no mercy (Cauthen 2). It would return good for evil. The aim of isolation is reconciliation and not revenge. Although the founders of the new country were generally in favor of the death penalty for certain crimes, many Americans in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth century were highly vocal opponents, known as abolitionists (Stewart 12). The best known of the American abolitionists was Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of The Declaration of Independence and a confidant of Benjamin Franklin (Stewart 12). Like many other Americans at the time, Rush equated the death penalty with a cruel monarchy specifically that of England's George and believed that the new republic should have nothing to do with executions (Stewart 12). Rush wrote a number of pamphlets and books arguing that the very idea of a death penalty contradicted the notion of humanity and divine love (Stewart 12). "Who are we to destroy what god has made". It is far better to reform a criminal than to destroy him. It is shown that Capital punishment leads many citizens suffering before they are officially dead. When Mississippi executed Jimmy Lee Gray in the gas chamber in 1983, his head was not immobilized (Stewart 30). As the poison gas began suffocating Gray, eyewitnesses and media representatives reporting Gray "suffering a torturous death, his head flailing about wildly, smashing the medal pipe (behind his chair used for support) many times before he lost consciousness" (Stewart 30). The electric chair and hanging too, sometimes fail to be quick, and there have been glitches in lethal injections- executioners have sometimes had difficulty finding usable veins into which to inject the poison, and some victims have suffered breathing trauma before being rendered unconscious by the injection (Stewart 30). Several electrocutions in recent years have taken more than fifteen minutes to kill the condemned man, and meanwhile he has been severely burnt (Stewart 76). How can it serve the purposes of a modern society to condone such torture. Americans also express great concern over the possibility that an innocent person maybe killed by the state for the crime he or she did not commit (Jackson 45). At least 23 cases have resulted in the execution of innocent people (Jackson 45). Since 1900, this country, there have been on the average more than four cases per year in which an entirely innocent person was convicted of murder. (Bedau 8). Scores of these people were sentenced to death. In many cases, a reprieve or commutation arrived just hours, or even minutes, before the scheduled execution (Bedau). In 1986 a white women was shot and killed at a dry cleaners in Monroeville, Alabama. (Stewart 66). The town was shocked by the murder; however, for the next eight months the police were unable to come up with any likely suspects (Stewart 66). Finally police arrested Walter McMillian, a black man who lived in a nearby town. (Stewart 66). McMillian denied murdering the women at the dry cleaners; he claimed he was at a fish fry all that day with friends and relatives (Stewart 66). In fact, his story corroborated by several people (Stewart 66). Nevertheless, McMillian was arrested, tried, convicted, and imprisoned on death row even before formal sentencing (Stewart 66). For more than six years, Walter McMillian lived on death row while various appeals were filed in his behalf, all of which were denied (Stewart 67). Eventually, however, new attorneys took over the case an a volunteer basis, and were able to demonstrate serious improprieties in the prosecution's case, such as withholding evidence that would have proved McMillian's innocence (Stewart 67). The television show 60 minutes featured McMillian's case in November 1992 (Stewart 67). Partly because of outraged public response to the report, Alabama agreed to begin a new investigation, and eventually admitted that a terrible mistake had been made (Stewart 67). On March

Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essays

Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essays Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essay Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essay Mega-events addition more and more importance for assorted facets. On the one manus they have immense impacts on the host states and on the other manus they play a important function for the touristry industry ( Roche, 2000 ) . These yearss a immense scope of mega-events is offered to diverse mark groups. Harmonizing to Getz ( 1991 ; as cited in Robertson, 2006 ) athletics events are more celebrated for male participants whereas humanistic disciplines and cultural events derive more importance for female participants. The scope of mega-events offered are large featuring events like the Olympic Games, the FIFA football World Cup, Formula One, every bit good as many more subjects. Furthermore there are besides World Fairs like the Expo, large music festivals as for illustration the Glastonbury Festival in the sou-west of England or the Cannes Film Festival in France, merely to call some of the legion offers. All of them are taking topographic point in different states, parts or metropoliss spread out all over the universe. Some of them ever stay in one location whereas others rotate or change the locale each clip. Besides there is besides a fluctuation in the frequence the events take topographic point. There are some events that are hold several times during a twelvemonth and there are others that are one time a twelvemonth whereas many merely even occur every 2nd, 3rd or 4th twelvemonth. Besides the continuance of each individual event varies. The purpose of this essay is to critically measure the influence mega-events have on touristry. It contains general information about mega-events, like definitions. As there is a immense scope of different events along with many issues, the writer of this essay is concentrating on athleticss mega-events merely ; on their diverse stakeholders every bit good as on the undertaking of hosting them. The essay ends with a decision and recommendations for future mega- events. Mega-events in general are non easy to specify due to the different signifiers as mentioned in the debut. In 1988 Jafari did non cognize how to clearly specify them. For him it was non clear what an event needed to carry through to be considered a mega-event. Therefore he had the undermentioned inquiries that needed to be answered beforehand: Is it more of import to see the figure of visitants attracted ? Or should it be the continuance or the orientation it has that makes it a mega-event ( Jafar Jafari, 1988: 272 ) ? However, Robertson ( 2006: 1 ) presented the definition Roche ( 1994 ) made: Mega-events are best understood as large-scale cultural ( including commercial and featuring ) events which have a dramatic character, mass popular entreaty and international significance. Roche avoids paying attending to the continuance but in contrast considers the international importance as a key-value. Sing the global significance he mentions within his definition, can be absolutely reflected in the country of athleticss mega-events which are performed by international jocks and at the same time are watched all over the universe. But before even reasoning about athleticss mega-events it is of import to specify what they are considered to be. Harmonizing to Horne ( 2006 ) sport mega-events are of import elements in the orientation of states to international or planetary society. As can be seen here, Horne talks about the importance of the global idea as good. This makes obvious that mega-events ever have an influence on the whole universe. There is the possibility that they take topographic point about all over the universe and besides that the visitants are coming from all over the universe, excessively, to watch such a spectacle, which covers the touristry facet in this instance. But it is of import to be cognizant that every individual event has a different figure of visitants coming due to several grounds. Above all it is necessary to look at the topographic point the event takes topographic point. This is really important because of likely bing political issues, terrorist onslaughts, conditions ( e.g. monsoon ) and wellness hazards ( e.g. malaria ) for illustration, tourers would instead see a state where they fee l safe than a state where they perchance would be afraid of. So the figure of visitants attracted is non merely dependant on the subject of the event itself but besides on the state where it takes topographic point. One cardinal inquiry is: why did mega-events addition such an importance for the whole planetary community within the last old ages? To clear up this inquiry Horne ( 2006 ) suggests as stated in Robertson ( 2006:2 ) that there are three grounds for the enlargement and turning attractive force of mega-events. First he mentions the media as an of import factor for it. The possibility to utilize mass communicating is responsible for unprecedented planetary audiences for these eyeglassess. As can be seen, the media makes it possible for the whole universe to take part in a certain manner in mega-events by e.g. watching them on Television or reading about them in newspapers. Second he names a theoretical account called tri-partite theoretical account . Within this theoretical account are sponsorship rights, sole broadcast medium rights and selling which have been pulling patrons by the association with the athleticss and the huge planetary audience exposure the events achieve. ( Robertson, 2006:2 ) . And thirdly there is besides the importance of using as host state, metropolis or part because harmonizing to Robertson ( 2006: 2 ) mega-events have become seen as valuable promotional chances for metropoliss and parts. Particularly this 3rd ground makes obvious why there are ever so many metropoliss, parts and states using to host such a large spectacle. However, these bidders should take into consideration that hosting a mega-event can besides do negative impacts. For illustration for the Olympic Games 2008 in Beijing where a immense figure of people has been displaced in the readying of the Games for constructing the needed substructure. This is a bad issue because the same job will inevitable occur for the Olympic Games taking topographic point in London 2012 and likely besides for all the approaching Games in the hereafter. However, when believing about this it is non truly sensible that for illustration the local population has to endure when a mega-event is taking topographic point in the country where they are populating. Otherwise hosting a mega-event has many advantages for the host metropolis, part or state: legion occupations are created and most notably there is the possibility of enlarging touristry. But harmonizing to Roche ( 2000: 141 ) : [ aˆÂ ¦ ] any new command is likely to concentrate on long-run image-building and non short-run touristic economic returns. That means that those responsible of a possible host metropolis or state know, that they might non profit from the event short-run but there will be more touristry long-run due to an improved image for illustration. This goes along with Kang and Perdue ( 1994 ; as cited in Roche, 2000: 141 ) : mega-events have a long-run impact on international touristry to the host state ; the impact is the greatest in the twelvemonth following the event and diminishes over clip. Besides that there are other writers who besides see the possible economic impact. As stated by Toohey and Veal ( 2007 ) the possible positive economic consequence is the ground for metropoliss and states to offer to host a mega-event. In add-on to the possibility to enlarge touristry in long-run there are several other stimulations to host a mega-event harmonizing to Richard Cashman ( 1999 ; as cited in Toohey and Veal, 2007: 74 ) : He mentions different signifiers of bequests like economic benefits, built environment ( transport substructure ) , public life, political relations, civilization and built clean substructure. All these bequests benefit the host metropolis or state long-run. Additionally to the long-run impacts there is ever the danger of incorrect appraisals harmonizing to Horne ( 2006 ; as stated in Robertson, 2006: 5 ) : [ aˆÂ ¦ ] prognosiss are about ever incorrect. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] A major concern in considerations of athleticss mega-events has been the spread between the prognosis and existent impacts on economic system, society and civilization. Harmonizing to Horne and Manzenreiter ( 2006 ) another of import fact is that on the one manus some countries will profit through tourers sing a mega-event but on the other manus the organisers have to be cognizant that tourers who possibly would hold come to see the metropolis or part will non come because they are non interested in the event. There will ever be a batch of people who come because of the event taking topographic point but there will besides be adequate people who avoid to see the host metropolis or part because they are possibly non interested in the event that is offered or they do non desire to be in that peculiar topographic point when there are so many other people at the same clip. Harmonizing to Kim and Chalip ( 2004: 695 ) sellers of mega-events have the demand to excite international trial to their event in order to optimise the events fiscal and touristry results. As seen it is the undertaking of the sellers to do a mega-event attractive to appeal to as many tourers as possible. Sing the facet of pulling tourers Kim and Chalip ( 2004 ) see events as pull-factors for finishs. This goes along with Alexandris et Al. ( 2009 ) , who mention that mega-events play an of import function in schemes that expressly target an international touristry market. In add-on to this, Weed ( 2008: 296 ) provinces that The chief economic benefit for a part derives from the ingestion by visitants during the event and increased touristry in the station event period. As can be seen he besides mentions the addition of touristry takes topographic point after the event and to boot brings up the theory of ingestion during the event. But it is non easy to gauge the economic benefit that will be made through hosting a mega-event because along with Preuss ( 2008 ; as cited in Weed, 2008: 296 ) one of the chief hurdlings in finding the economic impact of major multi-sport events on a metropolis or part is the deficiency of cognition on ingestion forms of visitants and the figure of ind ividuals that are sing the event. There are many different parties that make net income through the ingestion of the visitants like air hoses, hotels, eating houses, sightseeing administrations every bit good as general tourer attractive forces. As a mega-event is such a large spectacle it has to be planned for a really long clip. Harmonizing to Robertson ( 2006: 10 ) [ aˆÂ ¦ ] things come together after months and sometimes old ages of planning. Therefore different stakeholders are indispensable as there are so many undertakings that have to be fulfilled and as there is the demand of a immense sum of money to do mega-events go on. This leads to a really of import inquiry: who is paying for organizing any sort of mega-event? A perfect illustration that shows the complexness about funding a mega-event are the approaching Olympic Games in London 2012. As the official Internet website presentation of the Olympic Games in London provinces, there are two cardinal administrations one private, one populace. ( London 2012, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to this website the private sector is the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games ( LOCOG ) . The budget they have will be delivered through the privat e sector by for illustration the sale of tickets and trading articles, every bit good as it will have income from the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and extra money through a domestic sponsorship programme ( London 2012, 2010 ) . The public sector, which is responsible for the new locales and the substructure, is represented by the Olympic Delivery Authority ( ODA ) . TheA ODA is funded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Greater London Authority, the London Development Agency and the Olympic Lottery Distributor ( London 2012, 2010 ) . As can be seen there are many different organisations that have to pay a immense sum of money to fund this specific large spectacle. And of class it would non be possible to do such an event happen if there were non so many support it. However, as mentioned by Toohey and Veal ( 2007 ) the host metropolis or state knows beforehand that hosting a mega-event will be them more money than they in fact will derive. So why are at that place each clip so many bidders who want to host a mega-event? This inquiry can easy be answered with the already above mentioned statements that the long-run impacts of these events are more of import for a metropolis or the whole state than the fact that they have to pay more money than they really will have through hosting them. This facet was already found out by Pyo et Al. ( 1988 ; as stated in Roche, 2000: 141 ) by looking on several Olympic Games between 1964 and 1984, that there were non adequate visitants and there was non adequate disbursement by them to warrant the event costs . Along with Toohey and Veal ( 2007: 127 ) the most of import beginning of income for the organisers are the airing rights: [ aˆÂ ¦ ] the Olympic Movement is significantly dependent on income from airing rights. Furthermore they list some other chief beginnings of income for Game events: universe and local sponsorship, ticket gross revenues, lottery, sale of trading articles every bit good as Government contributions. ( Toohey and Veal, 2007: 135 ) . These statements show that there are many beginnings where money can be gained earlier and during a mega-event but it has ever and likely will ever be less than the money spend beforehand and during the event by the organisers. Research for this essay shows that it is non easy to specify mega-events in one term due to the immense scope of bing events. However there are assorted sorts of events that are called mega-events but each individual event has a different figure of visitants, a different mark group that is attracted and besides the continuance varies. The fact that mega-events can take topographic point practically all over the universe makes them a modern-day issue for the travel and touristry industry. There may be some tourers who could be afraid to see a certain state for illustration due to political issues or wellness hazards. Therefore each state that is chosen to host a mega-event will hold different impacts. There will ever be a difference in the figure of visitants attracted to an event and above all each host metropolis or state will hold different long-run touristry impacts afterwards. As seen hosting a mega-event does non gain the host metropolis or state short-run but all the statements like enlarging touristry long-run, constructing enduring conveyance substructure and edifice up the image of a state are more of import than the loss of money that likely will be coming in the old ages after the event took topographic point. But even when the costs for hosting mega-events are much higher than the money gained through them such immense events are really of import for the whole universe as already mentioned by Robertson ( 2006 ) and Weed ( 2008 ) . Because of all the above mentioned statements mega-events are a modern-day issue for travel and touristry and due to the fact that such events will at least take topographic point in the close hereafter the issues will be prevailing. In the sentiment of this essays writer events and particularly mega-events conveying the universe together due to the planetary importance and decidedly assist people to acquire a better apprehension of other states. Mega-events like Olympic Games and exhibitions have been and go on to be of import phenomena at many degrees and in many respects . ( Roche, 2000:5 )

Dental School Application Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dental School Application - Personal Statement Example s that I have performed in different organizations, my active participation in a mission trip as well my work as a translator in an international hospital. I performed different tasks during my vacations to enhance and polish my abilities of getting adapted to environments that were essential for my career. I volunteered at the York Central Hospital where I learnt how to interact in the most appropriate manner with patients. This experience was further strengthened by my second volunteering task at Beasley Community Centre, Hamilton. The exposure in the community centre taught me how to interact and deal with young children. I did not want to restrict myself and to further expand my knowledge I worked as a translator in an international hospital in South Korea. This was owing to my expertise over Korean and English language. This international experience taught me further on how to deal with patients belonging to different settings. I also took part in a mission trip to enhance my experience in art of dealing with people coming from different backgrounds. I have always been very active for learning and gaining as much experience as I can. My volunteering tasks in different settings have proved to be very helpful for me and these experiences have taught me in the most appropriate and effective manner of how to deal with different

The Role Of International Business Practice Essay

The Role Of International Business Practice - Essay Example The company's goals are to extend its position as the leading brewer internationally. This is perceived would be achieved by increasing its share in the domestic beer market and also extend its presence internationally. It is tapping thirsty markets internationally by using two-pronged strategies for growth. These two-pronged strategies include expanding the Budweiser brand globally and simultaneously strengthening equity partnerships with other large brewers around the globe. Since the company produced two-thirds of all beer in the US, it could easily be assumed that the local market was saturated with Anheuser-Busch products. It was evident that the linear growth model that the company has been following for the last so many years will have to be stretched beyond the boundaries of the United States if the company has to make its presence felt.  Anheuser-Busch is focused on its international beer sales to ensure a global footprint. It is for this reason that the company has entere d markets in China, Brazil, and Mexico. This global expansion started in the year 2004 from when the company has started entering markets with growth opportunities and profits. At that time China had the largest population in the world of around 1.3 billion but the annual beer consumption was only 18.5 liters per person. There was a huge void in that market to be filled.  Like all foreign brewers entering Chinese markets, Anheuser-Busch also used multi-pronged strategies.  

Citizen Journalism in Malaysia

Citizen Journalism in Malaysia INTRODUCTION Online citizen journalism is a hot topic that has been happened around us but there have numerous perceptive or opinion regarding the definition and meaning derived from a various sources. The existence of different information offers citizens access to a variety of topics, ideas, stories and capability in their writing. In this research will measure a credibility Metro Online Broadcast (MBO) and Citizen Journalist Malaysia (CJMY) that includes variety of content and topics that most serve this function in the Malaysia. Based on observation of the site, Metro Online Broadcast (MBO) and Citizen Journalist Malaysia (CJMY) is obviously to feature a greater diversity of content, topics, general information, lifestyle and interactive. The role of journalism According to (Goh, 2007) the press or journalism is known the compulsory component that played a role as the watchdog for a healthy democracy. Journalists are played an important responsibility as a journalist in our society. However, Goh also found that Michael Schudson gives a similar definition which means journalism is the business of a set of institutions that promotes periodically information and on contemporary affairs. Basically, journalist are presented their story as true and sincere especially to an anonymous and spread it to spectators openly including within discussion space which considered very important. However, (Deuze,2006) stated that basically journalism is undergoing a transformation. (Witt,2004) found that because of the power of technological advancements have reduced the costs of publishing and with a computer now equating to a printing press individuals have immediate access to publishing suites. Bases on the observation, transformation has emerged the increasing audience expectation that a certain level of audience participation be permitted and indeed facilitated by the media. Online citizen journalism According to (Bowman Willis, 2003), citizen journalism is defined a people who have a responsibility in the process of collecting, analyzing, reporting and delivering news or information to the readers. They also stated that citizen who becomes a journalist are be given the opportunity to become a writers either in online and offline with a variety of forms and formats, working under a variety of editorial schemes that focuses on a differences range of topics. The range whether from the expert to the generic and the micro-local to the global. According to the information at the website (Educause, 2007) citizen journalism is defined to citizen have an opportunity in which they can contribute information or comment about news events at the website. Furthermore, people could be denied that over the year’s citizen journalism has advantage from the development of various technologies which includes the printing press that provided a different tools for the pamphleteers within 17th and 18th centuries. In addition, at that century was using a television, telegraph, and tape recorders which offered opportunities for people to participate in sharing news events and commentary. By the growth of digital technologies, society have unprecedented access to the tools of dissemination and production. The information were include citizen journalist of submitted reviews or opinion such as on a web site about movies to Wikipedia based news. According to (Educause, 2007) has stated that some sites only run stories written by citizen. However traditional news normally accept comments and news stories from readers. Citizen journalism indicate a difference but between simply offering opinion on a topic and developing a balanced story that will be originally useful to readers. Online citizen journalism do their work The issues surrounding how citizen journalism works involve policy more than technology which make a blog as main tools to convey their mission. A website or blog that only includes stories from nonprofessional journalists or citizen who willing to share their stories have responsibility for the content resting with the contributors, or as usual it can have some level of editorial error make a decisions about such as checking facts or editing grammar. However, for a mainstream primary flow that allows citizen to comments or submit the story. To avoid any effect on organization’s credibility the policies must be established about these issues (Educause, 2007). Normally, citizen journalism projects would use a range of technologies which include digital video and audio online tools for posting or accessing stories, have a rules to block who can submit or edit content, and RSS tools to simplify accurate dissemination of content. Some citizen journalism were prefer using wikis and collaborate writing and editing. Flickr photos and YouTube videos as an example of applications encourage users to link to online resources (Educause, 2007). People who involved in online citizen journalism Online citizen journalism were consisted a people who making a sites limited to nonprofessional reporting, such as in Malaysia there have Metro Online Broadcast and Citizen Journalist Malaysia but in overseas a divisions of traditional media companies that feature citizen journalism, such as CNN’s I-Reporter. Basically, citizen use blogs, wikis, photo, video sharing sites, digital storytelling applications and other online media as tools for citizen journalism to deliver their stories. Most of them were taking a projects that relates to local approach, convey the news about citizen issues especially interest topics, such as financial matters, gender issues, political issue and economics issue. Types of online citizen journalism website working in Malaysia Metro Online Broadcast Metro Online Broadcast or MOB which acts as a citizen journalism site, gives an opportunity to the public to share news from their communities that may often go unreported or published. It is similar with newspaper which reports news and happening from around our community. MOB apart are the people known as citizen journalists who produce and determine the suitable news content should be publish. The hidden vital stories among community also are reported and covered in the MOB website. The process of news gathering and information had received from the journalists or known as MOBbers are confirmed and legalize with the help of a core team of journalists or MOB advisors who manage the site. In addition, readers can share their feedback, views and comments on stories that have been published. Citizen Journalists Malaysia Citizen Journalism Malaysia or CJMY was introduced by Malaysia Kini’s CEO, Premesh Chandran. He has started the citizen journalism training course with funding from International Center for Journalists in the United States in 2008. The first training conducted in November at the same year. The aim of this website to existence of participants, without knowing a background with journalistic skills in order to improve their writing and develop new skills such as video story telling. CJMY has spawned 400 citizen journalists and 150 are an active reporters. Some of them have made their own name. There are over 80 training workshops have been conducted throughout Malaysia including in Perak, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Kelantan, Penang, Sarawak and Sabah. The training and workshops was successful therefore CJMY become a platform for citizen journalists to host their work. Amateur journalists have an opportunity to make a right news is being reported and challenge them to feel a surrounding with sensitive issues. Development of citizen journalism Phenomena of citizen journalism was include veteran sites such as Slashdot and Indymedia. OhmyNews one of the famous and the most influential news related weblogs in South Korean which in 2003 was attracting an estimated two million readers a day and online news site in that country (Gillmor, 2003). Other than that, Wikipedia also one of the source with recognize as up to date news and currents events section. Currently, it was introduced as Wikinews and even citizen journalists have huge opportunity to produced video news through in sites such as YouTube and DailyMotion. According to (Flew, 2007) news media organizations are adopting citizen journalism practices and are encouraging citizens to contribute to their news sites while professional journalists are also cooperating with citizen journalists in their news presentation and dissemination processes. However (Jenkins, 2008) found that major daily newspapers are rapidly inviting and subsequently sharing user generated content. For example comments, photos, videos and articles on their news sites. Based on the (Amanda, 2006) more than 1000 citizen news media organizations are sustained through blogs and websites in local communities. Therefore, ordinary citizens enable to contribute news and information. However, the information that were provided by citizen journalist could influences community thoughts either in negative or positive ways. (Ashely, 2006) found that blog users were highly have a credibility to attribute in blogs rather than traditional media sources while also rating traditional sources as moderately credible. Nowadays, community much prefer choose a source of information through online. Content diversity on online citizen journalism The existence of online citizen journalism content in the marketplace may include diversity of information that citizens have contribute while making decisions related to the community environment. According to (Kim Ball-Rokeach, 2006) the utilisation of a diversity of content can encourage individual to give awareness of self because it exposes people to various ideas. According to (Blanchard, 1977) diversity is also a matter of accuracy. According to (Pease, 1990) must have diversity of content and coverage should give a serious attention. The variety of content at the organization level would decrease because of the rising online competitors and declining profits. According to Pease newspapers normally limit their coverage to maintain their readers when faced a lot threat of competition. However, specific coverage may not fully meet the specific of accuracy because demographically tailored coverage can lack representativeness. According to (Carpenter, 2008) there are few studies conducted on online citizen journalism publications but there have a differences in content probably attributed to the perceived changes in their readers. However, according to (Johnstone , 1976) citizen were prefer to generated content by published for smaller and more integrated audiences on a less permanent basis in order to encourage citizen journalists to produce content dissimilar from that daily newspaper journalists. By their observations, blogs are usually used by online citizen journalism and newspaper journalists to disseminate their content. Smaller publications whether urban or rural are focus on community especially about conflict, advocacy over objectivity and evaluation over straight reporting. According to (Donahue, 1972) smaller publications distribute a stories community’s needs with their desire to make professional journalistic content. However, they are not recognize as online newspapers. Their normally loyalty not steadily toward their community. This is because according to recent survey by (Schaffer, 2007) most of the online citizen journalists perceive they are be able to solve community problems and encourage a high local voter turnout. But the value of content it was failed to known widely by online citizen journalists in the marketplace. The situation would be seen through (Carpenter, 2008) online citizen journalists were rarely to rely the opinion by media routines and prefer producing stories that use more unofficial sources. According to (Pease, 1990) previously newsroom leadership have failed morally and economically to diversity the content because they only focused on hiring minorities in the newsroom. Negative actions in socializes among journalists would affects the presence of content diversity. However (Shoemaker Reese, 1996) were argued compliance to routines and the implementation of similar news values to stories will causing the content become variety to the public. Then the researcher would analysed the selected online citizen journalism website by using quantitative content analysis. This is because it is suitable for measuring large quantities of data. According to (American Society of Newspaper Editors, 2002:) the responsibility and roles of a journalist is very important because readers really care about have been show but not how the stories will be published. They are also be able to judge based on the content rather than the process. For this research, the researcher are focus on a diversity content in online citizen journalism website which is Metro Online Broadcast (MOB) and Citizen Journalist Malaysia (CJMY). This research also are created to measure of content diversity to make the comparisons for each topics. The content was measured the general information that provide diversity of content on both website, news source, and topics selection. Primary topic in online citizen journalism website One of the author in the (Project for Excellence in Journalism, 1999) stated that the increasingly of topics that covered by the news organization will showing an excellent of the organization. They stated that a diversity of topics would describes entirely about community issue. This study will evaluate the diversity level of articles by utilizing Simpson’s D. According to (McDonald Dimmick, 2003) Simpson’s D was measures the proportions across categories and the diversity will considered an optimal measure to improve of its interpretative capability. The content that found at the online citizen journalism is probably similar with smaller publications. According to (Janowitz, 1952) smaller publications are most focus on the coverage on human interest, social events and athletics. Whereas, larger publications are more to concentrate on government and crime topics. Based on research of (Project for Excellence in Journalism, 1999) found that the topics such as business, government, crime and foreign relation stories were has greater reported proportion than other stories such as accident, entertainment, science reporting and elections that includes in newspaper.

What determines a successful niche strategy

Niche marketing is a very important marketing tool that is defined as â€Å"focusing on sub-segments or niches with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy or sometimes-called focus strategy is a marketing segmentation strategy that concentrates or focuses on a few target markets. Users of this strategy hope that by focusing on a few (one or two) markets segments that are narrow, they would be in a better position to meet the needs of that market. Therefore the company strives to tailor make its marketing mix to suit these specialized markets that it has identified. By using the niche strategy the company easily stands to gain or have a competitive advantage by being effective rather than efficient. (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy in most cases is suitable for small firms although it is open to any company which would want to utilize it in selecting targets with lesser substitute vulnerability or where there is weak competition. (Kotler & Armstrong, 1997) There are several factors that greatly enhance a successful niche strategy and include: – 1) Market –research Before developing any niche market it is very important to conduct a comprehensive market research of the desired market before embarking on any marketing program. Towards this end, a SWOT analysis that highlights the strength and weaknesses of the company vis-à  -vis the market it desires to segment is very necessary. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) The market research will enable the company determine the market characteristics that will enable it serve this particular segment in a better way. Such characteristics would include, customer preferences, desirable price ranges level of competition, product differentiation, distribution channels, the marketing mix and various other important marketing variables.   (Chisnall, P.M.1997) When these characteristics have been established and defined the company on its part designs a marketing model that should suit the target market and be a profitable venture for the company. The market research in itself will enable the company not only identify a market but will give it more information on the demographic history of the market as well. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) 2) Create customer loyalty. One major threat to establishing and growing any niche is competition. Competition may eat up a share of the company’s market, reducing the profitability or worse still drive out the company from the market. Towards this end it is very important for the company to make it its priority to listen to the customers. When the company makes it its goal to carefully listen to the customers, it will have the ability to create products or services that will not only meet customer expectations but will meet their needs as well. Listening to the customer will enable the company differentiate its product range to suit the needs of the niche. This will in turn create loyalty that will enable the company weather any form of competition, in fact when customers are loyal it will be very difficult for them to seek other alternatives or switch to the competitors. (Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J., 1996) 3) Develop two or more niches By developing two or more niches it will prove quite advantageous to the company in several ways. The experiences and lessons gained in other niches will give the company the ability to tackle the challenges that would likely to occur in a different niche. (Baker, M. 2000) Two or more niches on the other hand may work towards supporting each other especially in the advent of any form of competition; for example when one niche is faced with competition other niches can be of great support especially if price competition would be necessary. Two or more niches supporting each other gives the company a leverage that would enable it sustain any form of marketing campaign to maintain high market penetration. By maintaining two or more niches, the company lowers the risk of closing shop just in case one of the niches collapses or is faced with competition and there’s a reduction in profitability levels.   By developing more than two niches the chances of success are increased tremendously as well. (Baker, M. 2000) 4) Focus on a particular region To achieve successful specialization, it is important for the company to address those geographic markets that other competitors ignore. By focusing on a particular region, it is easier for the organization to design a distribution channel that will not only be effective in terms of logistics but will ensure timeliness in the distribution of goods or services. By focusing on a particular area, it enables the company to create or design an effective marketing strategy to promote and create awareness of its goods and services. The company also stands a better chance of interacting with the customers more deeply and freely to which case it would be easier to predict the buying trends and the customer preferences. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Gamma Plc Gamma PLC produces very high quality motors for garden mowers and this fact gives it an edge over its competitors in this particular niche. However the company can not sit back and sit on its laurels, It is imperative for company to work extra hard to ensure it commands these niche especially with the competition of such established organizations like Yamaha and Honda.   To guard itself from this onslaught there are certain challenges that the company will face which might force it out. Competition As it is, already the company is facing competition from such world acclaimed names like Yamaha and Honda. For such names to be attracted to such a market, then it follows that the market is very lucrative. Gamma PLC is not quite renown, apart maybe for this particular market segment, unlike the competitors who are well established and with renowned brands. The big players if they would decide to flex their muscle, this might drive out Gamma from this niche. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) They can do this in various ways including powerfully utilizing the 4ps (Price, promotion, product and place) of marketing. The kind of marketing or promotion blitz they would likely conduct, would obviously be superior compared to Gamma’s with a lesser budget. Besides, these companies’ would likely introduce price wars that would have adverse effect on Gamma Plc, whose budget would likely be comparatively small. The latter’s prices cannot compete with those ones of the more established firms. This kind of competition would prove to be a nightmare for Gamma whose niche is under threat. After all, the bigger companies’ bottom line would not be affected in any way because their presence is worldwide and are more experienced and advanced especially with the marketing capabilities. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) The competitors may also decide to adopt or even copy how Gamma Plc is producing its high quality motors, thereby claiming some of the market share. Competition may also come in terms of remuneration and staff training where the other organizations may be attractive to employees in Gamma. The niche strategy may be limiting By adopting and relying on this particular niche the company would be faced with another challenge of future growth. Because it might expend all its energies trying to defend this niche from Yamaha and Honda it might lack the resources to venture in other markets thereby limiting its own growth. This is always foreseen especially if the market is relatively small. As time goes by Gamma’s market share might shrink which might eventually affect its continued production of highly quality motors. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Is the market defensible? This should be the question that should be ringing in the minds of Gamma Plc’s management. It would not be worthwhile to cling to one niche especially if it is not defensible. Most small companies like Gamma will find it challenging to judge this especially bearing in mind that this is the market that supports the organization. The company may lack the resources to get out if the competition becomes unbearable and establish another niche elsewhere. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). The market would be defensible if the customers within the niche have shown the willingness to support the company regardless of who comes to compete, which is to mean they are strictly loyal to Gamma. It would also mean that the market would be big enough to warrant any fight over it. However if the market is small and shrinking there’s not need to waste the resources to defend it. Substitute Products Gamma Plc manufactures quality products and as stated before this might be the edge it might be having over the competition. However, it is worth noting that quality in most cases comes at a higher price. Thus consumers would likely to be charged more compared to similar products from other companies. Yamaha and Honda may take advantage of this by providing cheaper alternatives that the customers can select from. This means that not all consumers use quality as the driving purchasing factor. Most consumers will go for cheaper products provided the offer similar functions. This would force Gamma either to lower quality so that the product becomes cheaper or seek for more efficient ways of production. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). Gamma Plc most probably specializes in the production of motors for garden mowers, which in essence means that they lack any other product line, unlike Yamaha and Honda who have a very wide product range, that ranges from generators to motorbikes. The range could be a very crucial marketing entry point for consumers who might not necessarily want motors for garden mowers yet they possess them. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). REFERENCES Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edition, Macmillan Business. Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1997) Marketing An Introduction. Fourth Edition. New  Ã‚   Jersey. Prentince Hall International Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. (1991) Making Niche Marketing Work, New York:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGraw Hill Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J. (1996) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, USA:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irwin            

Banyan Tree Branding the Intangible

Strategic Drift in RIM Research In Motion (RIM) is a company that has suffered from strategic drift. The essential problem created by RIM only focused upon their current technology, without evaluating the rapid changing among the competitors Apple and Android were using. RIM has simply made incremental changes to the same product which has not met the change in customers' needs (Dwyer and Edwards, 2008). The leaders at RIM are overestimated the BlackBerry's advantages, while Apple and Android roducts developed the use of apps, better operating systems, hardware and usability.The RIM BlackBerry phones have seemingly fallen behind this environmental change (Guman, 2012). It had caused shareholders angry and 11% shared drop as a senior RIM employee wrote an open letter to the Co-CEO's urging them for citing the company lacked of focusing the market change and fail to improving the business. It is evident that the leaders are entirely responsible for revolutionary change in RIM. In 2012, the revolutionary changing in the two dual CEOs Mike Lazard and Jim Balsillie had been stepped down and replaced by Thorsten Heins.Heins made a substantial changes to the company's leadership team. John & Katulis (2007) suggest that there are many fallings that could cause business decline or strategic drift and one of the main points they highlight is a lack of marketing skill, which could attributed to the leaders. Eden (1998) offers the idea that a loss of external confidence and reputation could be caused by strategic drift and in the case of RIM these marketing errors have certainly affected their reputation. Banyan Tree Branding the Intangible Banyan Tree Branding the Intangible Abstract Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts had become a leading player in the luxury resorts and spa market in Asia. As part of its growth strategy, Banyan Tree had launched new brands and brand extensions that included resorts, spas, retail outlets, and even museum shops. Now, the company had to contemplate how to manage its brand portfolio and expand its business while preserving the distinctive identity and strong brand image of Banyan Tree, its flagship brand. Case Questions 1. What are the main factors that contributed to Banyan Tree’s success? 2. Evaluate Banyan Tree’s brand positioning and communications strategies. Can Banyan Tree maintain its unique positioning in an increasingly overcrowded resorts market? 3. Discuss whether the brand portfolio of Banyan Tree, Angsana, Colours of Angsana, and Allamanda, as well as the product portfolio of beach resorts and city hotels, spas, galleries, and museum shops fit as a family. What are your recommendations to Banyan Tree for managing these brands and products in future? Discussion of Case Questions 1. What are the main factors that contributed to Banyan Tree’s success? Banyan Tree’s success might be attributed to an verall well designed and executed external and internal marketing program, and in particular: †¢ Choice of target segment †¢ Positioning and branding strategy †¢ Product/service design and delivery †¢ Aggressive internal marketing †¢ Winning the support of local communities and public interest groups †¢ Pioneer status : first mover advantage †¢ Pro-environmental business practices Choice of target segment The large price gap in the luxury resorts market meant that middle upper class consumers must either stretch to pay for ultra luxurious resorts such as Aman, or settle for resorts, though luxurious, are catered to he masses. Ho recognized the business opportunity presented by the gap in the resorts market: there was room for something pricier and more exclusive that would better cater to these middle upper class consumers, who had better spending power than had the average consumer in the mass market, and would be able to afford and willing to pay for a more exclusive premium service offering. Moreover, as a result of today’s generally more hectic and stressful lifestyles, many well-to-do couples would appreciate Banyan Tree’s value proposition of a memorable, romantic holiday experience that would oth provide relaxation and create quality time for them to spend quiet moments together. Positioning and branding strategy Although Banyan Tree’s service offering was unique when it was first launched, this would not be a sustainable competitive advantage, as most tangible products could be easily copied by competitors. Establishing a strong service brand, however, would serve to distinguish Banyan Tree from competitors when they do jump on the bandwagon. Positioning as a sanctuary for romance and intimacy was well thought out, these being timeless attributes valued by many couples. A clear brand promise of romance and intimacy, which the company consistently delivered, also helped it achieve a clear and distinctive market position. That the company consistently delivered on its promise further reinforced what Banyan Tree stood for in the minds of its customers, thereby building both brand loyalty and emotional bonds. Product/service design and delivery The luxurious villas and distinctive native settings provided an excellent backdrop for guests to create memorable holiday experiences. Service employees were warm, sincere, and respectful; knew guests by their names; and emembered their preferences. Such personalized service delivery warmed guests, and helped them feel comfortable and relaxed, contributing to the entire customer experience. This was further enhanced by the feel-good factor that guests’ patronage helped to contribute to various social and environmental causes. Repeat patronage was also encouraged by the different services offered at differ ent locations, which gave satisfied guests an added incentive to visit Banyan Tree resorts around the world, to experience authentic flavors and practices of various local communities. As employees were given freedom to decorate the illas and in serving guests, even regular guests of a particular resort would have a different experience and may be pleasantly surprised every time they checked in. Such practices, together with continual service innovations, kept the Banyan Tree experience fresh and interesting. The whole Banyan Tree experience was engineered to appeal to one’s senses, giving guests a unique value proposition unlike the regular room stays offered by competitors then; such a service feature was also difficult to imitate, and successfully set Banyan Tree apart from other resorts in the market. Satisfied guests not only became loyal customers but lso helped spread positive word-of-mouth, which in turn gained the company new customers. Aggressive internal marketing Generous staff welfare policies created a strong sense of brand ownership among employees, which motivated them to achieve service excellence. Service staff served guests with passion and sincerity that could not be bought or easily copied by competitors. employees may not always provide the standard service across all the resorts nor always similar to that commonly found in five-star establishments in developed countries, their friendly and respectful attitudes towards guests more than made up for it and ctually provide an element of surprise even to the most regular guests. Winning the support of local communities andpublic interest groups The company’s considerable investments in conserving/preserving/promoting the social/cultural/natural environment beyond what was required of the company (without sacrificing on service quality) showed proof of corporate ethics that were driven by the management’s personal values. Such acts projected the Banyan Tree brand as being caring and sincere, consistent with its positioning of a romantic brand. Overall, Banyan Tree was viewed by guests, staff, local communities, and public interest roups as a warm, sincere, caring, ethical, and responsible company. Even when guests wander beyond the resorts’ compounds, the genuine feelings of hospitality and appreciation showed by the local communities at the villages made guests felt welcome and at home, making the entire stay pleasant and memorable. Such service capabilities were extremely difficult for competitors to imitate, requiring lots of investments in time, effort, and money by the firm to gain the trust and respect of both staff and the local community alike. Pioneer status: first mover advantage At a time when clinical spas were the norm, Banyan Tree invested in tropical garden spa pavilions, pioneering the concept of tropical spas and Asian therapeutic massages, a novelty which proved to be popular. Being the first in the market gave them a head start in penetrating the market. The lack of competition in the beginning also helped in consolidating the company’s position in the spa and resorts market. Establishments that were interested in providing similar spa services naturally approached them to establish an outlet in their premises, which helped further promote the concept of tropical garden spas beyond the regional markets. Pro-environment business practices Although being environmentally conscious sometimes resulted in costlier business decisions, for Banyan Tree, a major part of the resorts’ attraction was in the natural beauty of the location in which the villas were located. So, it made economic sense to protect and preserve the resorts’ surrounding environment to ensure that it remained an attractive tourist destination in the long run, or as Banyan Tree put it, â€Å"to prevent today’s darling from becoming tomorrow’s has-been. † Such pro-environmental business practices also generated a lot of positive publicity and won the ompany several awards, and these not only helped increase the brand awareness of Banyan Tree but also generated much interest among potential customers. At the same time, the company got the support of various public interest groups, such as environmentalists, and this saved the company from having to deal with any potential trouble that migh t have arisen from their development of the natural habitats of various flora and fauna for business purposes. 2. Evaluate Banyan Tree’s brand positioning andcommunications strategies. Can Banyan Treemaintain its unique positioning in an increasinglyovercrowded resorts market? Brand positioning is timely and appropriate in today’s hectic and stressful lifestyles Banyan Tree was positioned as a sanctuary that offered couples an exclusive romantic and intimate holiday experience. Positioned on such timeless attributes as romance and intimacy between couples, the positioning is timely and appropriate in today’s increasingly hectic and stressful lifestyle, where many couples are busy with their careers and have little time to spend together. Banyan Tree’s offering of an avenue to get away from it all and spend quality time together while relaxing and de-stressing would appear to be valued enefits sought by today’s busy couples. Being the first and only resort to be positioned as such, Banyan Tree occupied a unique position in the luxury resorts market when it first started. Focused promotion efforts with minimal wastage Banyan Tree’s communications program focused mainly on public relations and publicity, and direct marketing through its web site and sales offices that targeted wealthy consumers, with little emphasis on advertising. As advertisements were selectively placed in only high-end travel magazines that targeted the higher income and more sophisticated segment of the market, astage in advertising exposure is minimized. Showcasing the awards and accolades won credibly enhanced the brand’s reputation. Promotion through agents specializing in exclusive holidays adequately exposed Banyan Tree to its target segment of wealthy consumers. Efforts at obtaining and increasing editorial coverage on Banyan Tree both increased brand awareness in the industry and helped to sell the â€Å"Banyan Tree experience† credibly, coming from a neutral third party. Much positive publicity and public interest was generated as a result of the company’s investment in pro-environmental business practices, such as ponsoring various environmental conservation programs and community outreach programs. B esides being viewed as a caring and pro- environmental company, such publicity also drew attention to the natural beauty of the resorts and their environments, which helped the company to advertise its villas. Unique positioning sustainable? Whether Banyan Tree can maintain its unique positioning in the market would depend on how well it can keep its identity distinct and prevent competitors from encroaching into its turf. Generally, the positioning of providing romantic and intimate holiday experiences is not difficult to mitate; so is the concept of individual villas and any tangible offering. But, the overall service experience at Banyan Tree can still be unique, given its location specific service offerings and the uniqueness of the natural environment that Banyan Tree resorts are located. Although service innovations can be copied easily, the personality of a brand is less so, and the same can be said of the attitudes of staff and the local community at the resort destination, as well as the genuine feelings of hospitality shown towards guests. Banyan Tree had tried to appeal to â€Å"the senses,† ocusing on the overall customer experience and working on what the customer will ultimately bring home—memories. Judging from its success so far, it appears that even if competitors come up with similar lower-priced service products, it is unlikely that they would be able to replicate the total Banyan Tree experience so quickly. Perceptual mapping could be used to visualize the market positions of Banyan Tree and its sister brands relative to competitors in the industry. An example of a positioning map with the attributes price level and romantic versus sporty image is shown below: 4. Discuss whether the brand portfolio of BanyanTree, Angsana, and Colours of Angsana, as well asthe product portfolio of beach resorts and city hotels, spas, galleries, and museum shops fit as a family. What are your recommendations to Banyan Tree formanaging these brands and products in future? From luxurious six-star Banyan Tree resorts to small, individual Colours of Angsana branded hotels in exciting locations, these properties were bound together by one central theme: the romance of travel and the beauty of discovering the world. Banyan Tree targeted the higher end of the luxury resorts market Angsana was more mainstream and contemporary, targeting the wider market The Colours of Angsana range of boutique hotels catered specifically to the soft adventure tourism segment, locating in remote and exotic places that cannot justify the premium prices charged by Banyan Tree villas The various brands thus served to cater to different segments of the hotels and resorts industry, made distinct by price and benefits offered. The city hotel was also positioned similarly on romance and intimacy although it additionally catered to business travelers. There is a heavy emphasis on spa, designed to rovide an escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. It also offered various getaway/wedding packages for couples to indulge in romance and intimacy. The various facilities, such as spas and retail outlets, found across Banyan Tree resorts, were also available at Banyan Tree Bangkok. In particular, the hotel had an open-air rooftop lounge, Vertigo, at the top of the building, where guests c ould get a good view of the city; the lounge could also be used to host wedding receptions and other parties. Four broad product lines: accommodation, clubs, spas, and retail outlets Banyan Tree’s products and services could be lassified into essentially four product lines: hotels and resorts, clubs, spas, and retail shops, under various brands and sub-brands. Banyan Tree’s properties and spas could be classified under the business of travel and leisure. The retail shops augmented and helped to extend the overall service experience through the sale of products that consumers might use at home to replicate and remind them of the Banyan Tree experience. Also, the arts and crafts sold at the shops not only served to reinforce Banyan Tree’s brand personality, but also fitted in the travel industry, with the sales of indigenous products that tourists could buy s souvenirs. Achieving branding consistency through management by brand Management of the portfolio by brand would achieve more consistency in branding and positioning, and also make it easier to cross-sell and bundle products, although such an arrangement would require duplication in resources for various functions. Target customer Banyan Tree focused on its target customer segment which was high-end wealthy customers looking for exclusive luxury holidays. Banyan Tree knew exactly which customers they wanted to target and carried out its brand positioning accordingly. Advertisement The advertising was very minimal to maintain exclusivity† and it was carried out in top-of-the-line travel magazines that targeted its preferred customer segment. It never went in for a mass market strategy by selling through wholesale and retail agents. It became so successful and profitable owing to the fact that it ended up knowing its target customers so well, it met their needs better than other giant chains such as Hilton and Shangri-La. Brand Identity -Brand value / ethics / CSR : Environmental fr iendly, preservation of eco system, bio- degradable products, customer focus, -Brand Associations / Personality : Caring, Romance and intimacy, social and sensitive, rivate, cultural and authentic, -Brand Vision – sanctuary for the senses, building a necklace across the world -Brand Positioning (Category, POD, POPs, Value Prop) -POD : Pricing, experience – intimate moments, private pools, spas and art gallery, building memories, romance, CSR, customer involvement(environmental preservation), sense of place (different place -> different experience) -POPS : all attribute of luxury resorts(high service standard, 5 star training -Value Proposition – is ideal for †¦.. provide target market segment because they provide†¦.. better than their competition